FDA
美国食品药品监督管理局
United States
Last reviewed 2026-08-05
FDA是美国医疗器械的主要监管机构。其器械与放射健康中心（CDRH）负责上市前审查、上市后监管和执法。FDA每年处理约4,000份510(k)申请和50份PMA申请，是全球最活跃的器械监管机构。
HOW FDA MEDICAL DEVICE REGULATION WORKS
CDRH oversees medical devices and radiation-emitting products. Devices are classified by risk into Classes I–III, which drives the premarket path: many Class I exemptions, 510(k) substantial equivalence for most Class II, and PMA for high-risk Class III. Novel devices without a predicate may use De Novo. Post-market, manufacturers face QSR/QMSR expectations, MDR reporting (21 CFR 803), recalls, and public surveillance databases historically centered on MAUDE with transition toward AEMS.
WHAT RA TEAMS MONITOR DAY TO DAY
Practical surveillance includes new guidance and product-code decisions, 510(k)/PMA clearances for competitors, Class I/II/III recalls, warning letters, and adverse-event patterns by product code. Manual checking across FDA pages is slow; teams typically combine openFDA pulls with automated alert systems. MedFlux aggregates FDA signals with other global regulators so US-focused teams still catch EU/China/Japan spillover risks.
器械分类
Class I, II, III
审批路径
510(k), PMA, De Novo, HDE
核心监管职能
- ▸510(k)许可和PMA审批
- ▸MAUDE不良事件数据库
- ▸FDA执法报告和召回
- ▸De Novo分类
- ▸突破性器械认定
§ RELATED INTELLIGENCE
- FDA MAUDE数据库指南：搜索不良事件报告（2026） →
- FDA AEMS 解析：取代 MAUDE 的不良事件系统（2026） →
- FDA QMSR 2026：ISO 13485 对齐、检查方式与关键要点 →
- FDA 510(k)许可指南：等同器械、申报路径与审查时间线（2026） →
- FDA医疗器械召回数据库：监控I/II/III类召回（2026） →
- FDA医疗器械召回分类详解：I类、II类与III类（2026年完整指南） →
- FDA vs EMA：医疗器械审批完整对比（2026） →
Free tools: FDA recall lookup · 510(k) predicate finder
§ FAQ
What is the FDA MAUDE database?
MAUDE (Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience) is the FDA's publicly searchable database of medical device adverse event reports. It contains millions of records from manufacturers, healthcare facilities, and voluntary reporters submitted under 21 CFR Part 803. MAUDE is transitioning to the new AEMS (Adverse Event Monitoring System) in 2026.
What is the difference between FDA 510(k) clearance and PMA approval?
A 510(k) is a premarket notification demonstrating substantial equivalence to an existing (predicate) device — it applies to most Class II devices and takes 3–6 months. PMA (Premarket Approval) is the most rigorous pathway, required for Class III devices, involving clinical data review and typically taking 1–2 years. De Novo is a third pathway for novel low-to-moderate risk devices without a predicate.
How does FDA classify medical devices?
The FDA classifies medical devices into three classes based on risk. Class I (lowest risk, e.g. bandages) — most are exempt from premarket review. Class II (moderate risk, e.g. powered wheelchairs) — typically cleared via 510(k). Class III (highest risk, e.g. heart valves) — require PMA approval. Each device is assigned a product code that determines its classification and regulatory requirements.
How do I search FDA medical device recalls?
FDA medical device recalls are published in the weekly FDA Enforcement Reports and searchable through the openFDA API. Recalls are classified as Class I (most serious — reasonable probability of serious adverse health consequences or death), Class II (may cause temporary or reversible health consequences), or Class III (unlikely to cause adverse health consequences). MedFlux monitors these recalls in real time across all device categories.
What is FDA AEMS?
AEMS (Adverse Event Monitoring System) is the FDA's new unified safety surveillance platform launched in March 2026. It replaces seven legacy databases — including MAUDE (devices), FAERS (drugs), and VAERS (vaccines) — into a single system with a unified data model and API. The transition consolidates approximately $37 million per year in operating costs and enables cross-product safety signal detection.
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